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Reza Shah Pahlavi’s Modernisation Efforts

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Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878- 1944) embarked on an ambitious journey to propel Iran into the modern era. His reign, marked by a fervent desire to modernise the nation, was characterised by sweeping reforms that touched every aspect of Iranian society. Here we highlight the multifaceted approach he adopted, examining the military, administrative, judicial, educational, economic, … Read more

John Keane’s Reflections on Medinah

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John Keane, a lesser-known but intriguing traveler of the 19th century, diverged from the conventional paths of exploration in Arabia. Instead of merely passing through the region, Keane undertook a distinctive journey that involved immersing himself in the culture by residing in Mecca for a substantial six months. His unique perspective was further enriched by … Read more

Freya Stark’s Exploration of Luristan’s  Bronze Age Graves 

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Freya Stark, an indomitable English explorer and author, journeyed through the Middle East with a spirit that defied the constraints of her era. Born in 1893 and living through a century marked by rapid change and conflict, Stark’s writings brought to life the remote landscapes and cultures of Iran in her book “Valley of the … Read more

D.G. Hogarth on The Empty Quarter

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In the realm of Arabian exploration, D.G. Hogarth’s seminal work, “The Penetration of Arabia,” stands as a cornerstone, providing a window into the challenges faced by early 20th-century explorers and the evolving landscape of knowledge about the Arabian Peninsula. Penned in the early 1900s, the narrative unfolds against a backdrop of technological limitations and the … Read more

Women’s Rights Movements in Early 20th Century Iran

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At the dawn of the 20th century, Iran stood on the precipice of monumental social and political changes, with women’s rights at the heart of this transformation. This era, pivotal in shaping the trajectory of women’s movements in Iran, witnessed a burgeoning awareness and advocacy for gender equality.  The significance of this period cannot be … Read more