In the annals of Arabian exploration and adventure, the name H. St. John B. Philby stands as a prominent chapter. His memoir, “Arabian Days,” is a captivating account of a life steeped in the complexities of the Arabian Peninsula. It offers readers an intimate glimpse into a world that is both distant and enigmatic, but one that was vividly real to Philby. With a life spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries, H. St. John B. Philby’s story is a testament to a bygone era when the Arabian desert held untold secrets and perils.
The significance of “Arabian Days” goes beyond a mere recounting of one man’s adventures. It is a historical narrative that unfolds during a pivotal period in Middle Eastern history. Philby’s chronicle is a first hand witness to the dawn of the modern Middle East, a time when empires crumbled, and nations took shape. His memoir also offers a unique perspective on the interactions between Western powers and Arab leaders, particularly his close association with Ibn Saud, who would go on to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
This book review will delve into the multifaceted life of H. St. John B. Philby and the treasures hidden within “Arabian Days.” It will navigate through the various stages of his life, from his early years in India to his explorations in the Arabian Peninsula. We will explore Philby’s intricate relationships with prominent figures of his time, the political intrigues he witnessed, and his deep involvement in the complex affairs of the Middle East. Through a critical lens, we will evaluate the narrative style of the book, examining how Philby’s storytelling evolves as he recounts his experiences. This review will endeavour to highlight the exceptional qualities of “Arabian Days” that have captured the imaginations of its readers.
Author Background: A Mosaic of Experiences
H. St. John B. Philby’s life was a rich tapestry woven with diverse threads. His ancestral background, as the offspring of a British tea planter in Ceylon, set the stage for a life that would be anything but ordinary. Born in Ceylon, Philby was the third son of his British tea planter father, heralding the beginnings of a life marked by colonial influence. At the tender age of six, he embarked on a journey from the lush landscapes of Ceylon to the shores of England, where he would receive his formal education. His schooling followed a conventional pattern for the progeny of British families residing in the East.
As a youth, Philby’s intellect shone brightly, and he showcased natural linguistic talents that would serve him well in his future endeavours. His educational trajectory led him to Westminster school and eventually to Trinity College, Cambridge, institutions renowned for nurturing excellence. A remarkable blend of academic prowess and athleticism defined Philby’s student years, making him not only an outstanding scholar but also a skilled athlete. His linguistic abilities, even in his early years, were impressive, a trait that would become invaluable in his future explorations and diplomatic undertakings.
An unwavering self-confidence accompanied Philby throughout his life, and he unapologetically acknowledged, “I grew up with a very good conceit of myself, something which I never altogether succeeded in shedding.” This self-assurance would become a guiding force in his adventurous path, propelling him into the intricate worlds of diplomacy and exploration.
In 1908, Philby’s academic journey led him from the hallowed halls of Cambridge into the realm of the Indian Civil Service. While his seven years in India may not be the most riveting part of his tale for readers, they were pivotal for Philby. During this time, he was carving his pathway to an extraordinary future, one that would take him far beyond the boundaries of a typical colonial officer’s career.
Early Career and Introduction to Arabia: A Fateful Convergence
The juncture of H. St. John B. Philby’s early career with the echoes of Arabian adventures was anything but serendipitous. In this section, we delve into the initial phase of his professional life, which would later serve as a gateway to the mystique of Arabia.
Formative Encounters
It was during this early phase that Philby’s path began to intersect with the destinies of notable British figures whose names would become synonymous with Arabian affairs. His interactions with these luminaries of British diplomacy and exploration would leave an indelible mark on his own journey. Among them was Sir Percy Cox, the Chief Political Officer with the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Forces, whose role in Arabian politics was instrumental. Gertrude Bell, another formidable figure, graced the stage of his life. Additionally, he crossed paths with A. T. Wilson and other influential individuals whose actions would reverberate across the Arabian landscape. These encounters, though seemingly ordinary at the time, were the prologue to his deep immersion in Arabian affairs.
Conflict and Assignment to Riyadh
Personal conflicts, often the crucible of transformation, led Philby to a fateful crossroads. It was his difference of opinion and eventual conflict with A. T. Wilson that drove him to voluntarily distance himself from Sir Percy Cox’s headquarters in Baghdad. This decision set in motion a trajectory that would lead him to the heart of Arabia. Sir Percy Cox, recognizing Philby’s potential, appointed him to lead a mission to Riyadh. The mission’s objectives were twofold: to secure Ibn Saud’s collaboration in the conflict against the Turks, who had allied with Ibn Rashid, and to divert Ibn Saud’s growing discord with King Husayn. Thus, this unforeseen assignment marked the commencement of Philby’s intimate association with Ibn Saud, a figure who would significantly shape his destiny.
Association with Ibn Saud: The Pivot of a Lifelong Relationship
H. St. John B. Philby’s mission to Riyadh stands as the axis on which his fate would turn, forging an unbreakable connection with Ibn Saud and reshaping his life and ambitions in myriad ways.
A Relationship that Reshaped Ambitions
Philby’s association with Ibn Saud was not just a diplomatic alliance; it became an enduring personal relationship that would mould his future pursuits. The influence Ibn Saud wielded over him was profound. It wasn’t merely the intricacies of Arabian politics but also the way of life, values, and the vast Arabian landscapes that captivated him. This association would fundamentally alter Philby’s career and set his course as an explorer, author, and fervent advocate for Arabian causes. We delve into how this transformative relationship steered him towards new horizons.
Travels, Texts, and “The Heart of Arabia”:
Philby’s journey throughout Arabia had a profound impact on him, transcending political and geographic boundaries. The experiences he accumulated in these uncharted territories bore not only the weight of political significance but also kindled a passion for exploration and a deep appreciation for the intricacies of Arabian culture. These travels were not mere footnotes in history; they were the vivid strokes that painted the canvas of his life. “The Heart of Arabia,” his first book published in 1922, was the embodiment of these journeys, a vivid testament to the lands, cultures, and politics that had imprinted themselves on his soul.
Return to Arabia
Following the conclusion of World War I, Philby’s return to Arabia marked a pivotal juncture in his career. He embarked on a journey back to the Arabian Peninsula, where his intricate involvement in the region’s affairs would resume. During this period, Philby’s encounters with the Foreign Office were marked by discussions concerning the security and fate of the Hijaz region. These interactions offer a glimpse into the complex geopolitics of the time, as Britain and other powers navigated the intricate web of regional interests. Amid this tumultuous backdrop, Philby’s journey held a serendipitous encounter with none other than T. E. Lawrence, the enigmatic figure who would become a prominent character in the unfolding drama of Arabian affairs. Their meeting in this pivotal moment set the stage for Philby’s continued adventures in the Arabian world and his future interactions with Lawrence.
Political Involvement and Conflicts
Philby’s pivotal role in the formation of the new state of Iraq reflected the evolving landscape of the Arabian region. He served as minister of state security in Iraq shortly after the 1920 anti-British revolt. His involvement in this transformative process offered insights into the complex political dynamics that characterised the post-war era.
Serving as the Chief British Representative in Transjordan from 1921, Philby held a grand vision for the region. He aspired to set the stage for an independent and self-governing Transjordan, reflecting the zeitgeist of the time and his unwavering belief in the capability of Arab states. Nevertheless, Philby’s unwavering spirit and outspoken nature sometimes clashed with the bureaucracy of British officialdom. These internal conflicts and his second resignation added layers to his complex relationship with the British government and his unyielding pursuit of ideals.
Philby’s Later Career
Philby’s Political Aspirations: Despite his remarkable experiences and deep involvement in Middle Eastern affairs, Philby’s aspirations extended beyond his diplomatic career. He made an attempt to be elected to the British Parliament, as a candidate for the British people’s party, displaying a desire to contribute to the political discourse at a broader level. This step reflected his persistent involvement in the world of politics.
After leaving his official roles, Philby embarked on a transition to a commercial enterprise in Arabia. His new venture involved trading various modern goods, including Ford cars and perambulators, to meet the evolving needs of the Arabian market. This shift highlighted his adaptability and the changing economic landscape in the region.
Ibn Saud’s Capture of Jidda
A pivotal moment in Philby’s life occurred when Ibn Saud’s forces captured the coastal town of Jidda. Philby was residing in Jidda during this significant event. His personal relationship with the King of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, grew stronger, and he became an integral figure in the Kingdom’s evolving political landscape. Philby’s unique position allowed him to witness history unfolding and to play a direct role in the changing dynamics of Arabia.
Conversion to Islam and Membership in Ibn Saud’s Council
An extraordinary twist in Philby’s life was his conversion to Islam. He embraced the faith and was unofficially inducted into the King’s “Privy” Council. Ibn Saud recognized Philby as “the leader of the opposition,” showcasing the depth of their connection and Philby’s influence in the region.
A Participant in the Transformation of Arabia
Philby’s later career and life choices positioned him as a vital participant in the transformation of Arabia. His journey encapsulates the fluidity of identities and allegiances in the Middle East during a period of significant political change. His unique perspective offered an insider’s view of the evolving landscape in the Arabian Peninsula, where ancient traditions and modern influences collided and coalesced in fascinating ways. Philby’s multifaceted career reflects the complex interplay of politics, culture, and personal choices in the region.
Conclusion
Philby’s autobiography “Arabian Days” is a captivating narrative that provides readers with an insider’s view of the tumultuous times he lived through and the pivotal role he played in shaping Middle Eastern history. The book presents not only a historical account but also a personal narrative filled with humour and introspection. While some readers may wish for more in-depth accounts of his experiences in Arabia itself, this autobiography serves as an excellent introduction to Philby’s extensive body of work. It’s an engaging reflection on his life, his political choices, and the unique vantage point from which he witnessed the transformation of Arabia. In a world of shifting alliances and complex political landscapes, “Arabian Days” offers valuable insights into a region that continues to captivate the world’s attention. Harry St. John B. Philby’s contribution to our understanding of the Middle East is unquestionably significant, and “Arabian Days” stands as a testament to his enduring legacy.