Muscat, the capital of Oman, has long fascinated travellers with its unique blend of cultures, a testament to its historical significance as a thriving hub of commerce and refuge for diverse populations. In the early 19th century, British explorer James Wellsted documented his observations in “Travels in Arabia,” shedding light on the multifaceted character of Muscat.
Key Takeaways:
- Muscat: A vibrant cosmopolitan city where diverse ethnic groups coexist.
- Banians: Prominent Indian merchants who played a crucial role in Muscat’s trade.
- Jews: A small, tolerated Jewish community that found refuge in Muscat.
- Trade Hub: Muscat served as a pivotal commercial center connecting Arabia, India, and Persia.
- Customs Revenue: The city’s customs duties were a significant source of income.
- Exports: Modest but culturally significant exports including dates, red dye, and sharks’ fins.
Abundance of Provisions
Intriguingly, despite its seemingly harsh exterior, Muscat hides a treasure trove of provisions, making it an oasis for travellers and residents alike. Wellsted notes the availability of various foodstuffs – from succulent beef and mutton to poultry and year-round fruits. The coastal city boasts an abundant supply of fish, further enriching its culinary offerings. Water, a vital resource, flows from a deep well, guarded to ensure a continuous supply. A newly constructed aqueduct efficiently channels this precious resource to the town. Although the water’s quality may not be pristine, it sustains the inhabitants.
Population and Ethnic Composition
The heart of Muscat pulsates with a mosaic of ethnicities. It serves as a haven for Arabs, Persians, Indians, Syrians, Kurds, Afghans, Beluches, and others, all drawn to its welcoming environment. They seek refuge from the despotism of surrounding governments or engage in flourishing commerce. This cultural diversity is not a recent phenomenon but dates back centuries. Even before the advent of Islam and the birth of Mohammed, Muscat offered sanctuary to a powerful tribe fleeing Persian oppression along the shores of the Persian Gulf. In 1828, the city once again opened its arms, this time to a group of Jewish refugees fleeing the tyranny of the governor of Baghdad,Daud Pasha.
Afghans and Beluchis
Wellsted highlights the transient presence of Afghans in Muscat, primarily as pilgrims travelling to or from Mecca. Their limited engagement in commercial activities sets them apart, and they tend to keep a distance from other groups. In contrast, Beluches, known for their thriftiness, are more integrated into the city’s life. While some serve in the Imam’s household troops, others find employment as porters or mariners, valued for their cheerful disposition and agility.
Persians and Arabs
The dynamics between Persians and Arabs in Muscat have been influenced by differences in faith. Historically, intermarriage between the two groups was rare due to these religious disparities. However, recent developments have seen a shift in relations, allowing Persians, primarily merchants, to integrate more fully into Muscat’s society. Notably, Persian offenders are subject to their own legal system, administered by a Qadhi, (judge) rather than the Arab authorities.
Physical Characteristics
The inhabitants of Muscat exhibit diverse physical traits, shaped by their mixed heritage and intermarriage with Zanzibar and Abyssinian slaves. While the upper classes tend to retain the purity of their Arabian descent, most display a healthy brown complexion. Remarkably, they are less prone to fevers, defying the region’s reputation for its harsh climate.
Indians
One of the most prominent foreign communities in Muscat during Wellsted’s time was the Banians. Their presence in the city was not merely a footnote but a significant chapter in Muscat’s history. The Banians, whose numbers reached around one thousand five hundred during Wellsted’s visit, found themselves in a unique position. Under the mild administration of Sayyid S’aid, they not only thrived but were also believed to be rapidly increasing.
The Banians, hailing predominantly from the north-west provinces of India, were a distinct community within Muscat. They arrived in the city to pursue their commercial ventures and, remarkably, often remained in the region for extended periods, some up to fifteen or twenty years. A curious aspect of their migration was their tendency to leave their women behind in India, leading to a predominance of unmarried Banians in Muscat.
Remarkably, the Banians were allowed to practise their religion freely, without the burden of arbitrary dress distinctions imposed upon them, unlike their counterparts in the cities of Yemen. In Muscat, they could maintain their religious tenets and even perform cremations, a practice not always tolerated in other parts of the Arab world. However, a unique aspect of Banian culture was their practice of proclaiming bankruptcy, an event that never failed to amuse the local Arabs.
Indians’ Role in Trade
The Banians, who constituted a significant portion of Muscat’s merchants, wielded considerable influence in the city’s commerce. Their control extended to the lucrative pearl trade emanating from the Persian Gulf. They were also deeply involved in the supply of grain from India and had extensive dealings in Indian cloths and piece-goods, further enhancing their economic clout in the region.
Muscat’s coffee trade, a pivotal aspect of its commerce, was primarily orchestrated by the Banians. It was a trade of great profitability, driven by the demand for this beloved beverage. The coffee imported to Muscat was not merely a local consumption product but a commodity with a broader reach, finding its way to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. This trade, governed by the Banians, was a testament to their economic prowess and their ability to navigate the intricate networks of global commerce.
Jews in Muscat
Another intriguing facet of Muscat’s diverse tapestry during the early 19th century was the presence of a small Jewish community. The backdrop for their arrival was the distressing situation in Baghdad, where they found themselves fleeing the oppressive rule of Daud Pasha. The Jews, seeking refuge and relief from persecution, embarked on a journey that led them to the hospitable shores of Muscat.
In contrast to some other regions where Jewish communities faced segregation and discrimination, Muscat exhibited a remarkable tolerance towards Jews. Here, there was no insistence on badges or marks of distinction, nor were they compelled to occupy distant and separate quarters within the city. Additionally, the stringent practice, prevalent in some parts of Persia, of forcing Jews to walk to the left of Mussulmans when crossing paths, was not enforced in Muscat.
Occupations and Daily Life
The Jewish community in Muscat engaged in a variety of occupations that enriched the city’s social fabric. Some members of this community were skilled in the fabrication of silver ornaments, contributing to the city’s vibrant artisanal scene. Others played a pivotal role in money-changing, handling financial transactions with expertise. A small number ventured into the retailing of intoxicants, a practice that was met with a degree of acceptance.
Population Estimate and Cultural Diversity
Muscat’s rich blend of cultures, including Arabs, Persians, Indians, Syrians, Kurds, Afghans, Beluches, Banians, and Jews, coexisted harmoniously within the city’s confines. Wellsted’s estimate placed the population at approximately 60,000, a testament to the city’s allure as a haven for a diverse range of peoples.
The peaceful cohabitation of these communities, each with its own unique customs and traditions, created an atmosphere of cultural vibrancy. The city’s streets echoed with a multitude of languages, and its markets offered a kaleidoscope of products reflecting this diversity. Muscat, as captured by Wellsted’s observations, stood as a shining example of harmonious multiculturalism.
Trade and Taxes in Muscat
Muscat, as documented by James Wellsted in “Travels in Arabia,” was not just a melting pot of cultures but also a bustling center of trade. Its strategic location made it a pivotal hub for commerce, connecting Arabia, India, and Persia.
Muscat occupied a crucial position in the trade routes of the early 19th century. Its significance was underscored by the diversity of goods that flowed through its markets. One notable feature of Muscat’s trade was its openness to foreign merchants and goods. The city welcomed traders from various regions, fostering a thriving exchange of commodities.
Customs Duty and Revenue
The financial underpinning of Muscat’s commerce lay in its customs duties. Wellsted reports that a fixed customs duty of five percent applied to all imported goods. This duty was not insignificant; it contributed significantly to the city’s revenue. Muscat’s customs were managed through a system of farming, with Muscat and Muttrah each having its own rate and contributing to the overall revenue.
Exports and Their Significance
While Muscat was known for its role as a trading port, its exports were comparatively modest. Nonetheless, they held cultural and economic significance. Notably, dates, a staple of Arabian cuisine, found their way to India and other Arabian ports, contributing to the culinary diversity of the region. Ruinos, a red dye highly valued in India, was another export commodity.
Sharks’ fins, a peculiar but sought-after item, were shipped off to China, where they were used in the preparation of various dishes, including soup. Additionally, salt fish, appreciated by the lower classes in India, formed a part of Muscat’s export portfolio. These exports, though not as extensive as imports, played a role in fostering economic ties between Muscat and neighbouring regions.
James Wellsted’s “Travels in Arabia” offers a captivating snapshot of Muscat, where cultures converged, and commerce thrived. Wellsted’s meticulous observations illuminate the city’s vibrant ethnic mosaic, where Arabs, Persians, Indians, and others harmoniously coexisted. Wellsted’s narrative reveals the pivotal role of Muscat in commerce, showcasing the lively markets and customs duties that were key to the city’s income. His comprehensive portrayal of Muscat illuminates the cosmopolitan essence of the city, serving as an enduring tribute to its diverse cultural legacy and vibrant trading practices. This depiction enriches the fabric of Omani travel writing, highlighting Muscat’s significant contribution to the economic and cultural tapestry of the region, and illustrating how its traditions and modern endeavors merge to create a dynamic, flourishing community.
FAQ:
Q: What was Muscat’s main role in the 19th century?
A: Muscat was a thriving trade hub connecting Arabia, India, and Persia.
Q: How did Banians contribute to Muscat’s economy?
A: Banians, Indian merchants, played a crucial role in trade, particularly in pearls and coffee.
Q: Were there any religious restrictions for Jews in Muscat?
A: No, in Muscat, the Jewish community enjoyed religious freedom and was not segregated.
Q: What was the significance of customs duties in Muscat?
A: Customs duties were a major source of revenue for Muscat’s economy.
Q: What were the primary export items from Muscat?
A: Muscat exported items such as dates, red dye, and sharks’ fins, among others.